Force+and+Motion

Pre-K-2
Students describe how objects move in different ways.

a. Describe different ways things move and what it takes to start objects moving, keep objects moving, or stop objects. b. Give examples of things that make sound by vibrating.

3-5
Students summarize how various forces affect the motion of objects.

a. Predict the effect of a given force on the motion of an object. b. Describe how fast things move by how long it takes them to go a certain distance. c. Describe the path of an object. d. Give examples of how gravity, magnets, and electrically charged materials push and pull objects.

6-8
Students describe the force of gravity, the motion of objects, the properties of waves, and the wavelike property of energy in light waves.

a. Describe the similarities and differences in the motion of sound vibrations, earthquakes, and light waves. b. Explain the relationship among visible light, the electromagnetic spectrum, and sight. c. Describe and apply an understanding of how the gravitational force between any two objects would change if their mass or the distance between them changed. d. Describe and apply an understanding of how electric currents and magnets can exert force on each other. e. Describe and apply an understanding of the effects of multiple forces on an object, and how unbalanced forces will cause changes in the speed or direction.

9-Diploma
Students understand that the laws of force and motion are the same across the universe.

a. Describe the contribution of Newton to our understanding of force and motion, and give examples of and apply Newton’s three laws of motion and his theory of gravitation. b. Explain and apply the ideas of relative motion and frame of reference. c. Describe the relationship between electric and magnetic fields and forces, and give examples of how this relationship is used in modern technologies. d. Describe and apply characteristics of waves including wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. e. Describe and apply an understanding of how waves interact with other waves and with materials including reflection, refraction, and absorption. f. Describe kinetic energy (the energy of motion), potential energy (dependent on relative position), and energy contained by a field (including electromagnetic waves) and apply these understandings to energy problems.